Innovative Experience of the NEP: lessons for the present
Abstract
The aim of the article: to draw attention to the lessons of the New Economic Policy, as insufficiently studied and generalized in the context of the development of the economy of Soviet Ukraine. This will allow, on the basis of deeper knowledge of history of the controversial interwar period, to understand the essence of strategic transformations at the present stage better, to avoid difficulties and miscalculations in their implementation. Research methods: historical-typological, historical-genetic, historical-comparative. Main results. The research proves that all instruments of market economy in a totalitarian society could exist only nominally. Non-acceptance of Lenin’s ideas set forth in the article “On Cooperation”, fixation only on his views regarding the early NEP, focus on administrative, repressive measures led to the fact that all the declared calls to support cooperative economy had an extremely low level of transformation into real supportive actions. The examples of successful initiatives of hard-working entrepreneurs, representatives of small and medium-sized businesses to find ways of socio-economic survival in the extreme conditions of the fight against COVID-19 are given. Concise conclusions. Government agencies administering economy took on the functions of chief executives, coordinating all economic activities, at the same time, putting it in a narrow framework of dependence on the Soviet state’s ideological and political decisions. The totalitarian system and any manifestations of private initiative were incompatible. The lessons of the NEP convincingly prove that free farming, small and medium business – the foundation of any developed society, – are underestimated today (as they were a hundred years ago) and require systematic state support. Practical meaning: the importance of the chosen topic is predetermined by the possibility of using the past economic experience in carrying out modern socio-economic transformations of society. Type of article: research.
References
Akulenko, V., 1927. Denezhnoe obraschenie, kredit i banki [Money circulation, credit and banks]. Hozyaystvo Ukrainyi [Economy of Ukraine], no. 1, pp. 181–192 (in Russian).
Bondarenko, V., 2012. Problemy rozvytku promyslovosti Ukrainy v mizhvoiennu dobu (1921–1941 rr.): radians’ka istoriohrafiia [Problems of industrial development in Ukraine in the interwar period (1921–1941): Soviet historiography]. Donets’k: DonNU (in Ukrainian).
But, O. M., 1990. Problemy upravlinnia promyslovistiu: istorychnyj dosvid i uroky: monohrafiia [Problems of industrial management: historical experience and lessons]. Kyiv: Lybid’ (in Ukrainian).
But, O. M., Bondarenko, V. S., and Nikitenko, K. V., 2008. Nederzhavnyj sektor promyslovosti Ukrainy v umovakh novoi ekonomichnoi polityky (1921–1928 rr.) [The non-state sector of industry of Ukraine under the conditions of the New Economic Policy (1921–1928)]. Monograph. Donets’k: Yuho-Vostok (in Ukrainian).
But, O. M., and Dobrov, P. V., 2002. “Ekonomichna kontrrevoliutsiia” v Ukraini v 20–30-ti roky XX stolittia: vid novykh dzherel do novoho osmyslennia [The Economic counterrevolution in Ukraine in the 20s-30s of the 20th century: from new sources to new understanding]. Donets’k: Ukr NTEK (in Ukrainian).
Buharin, N., 1988. Izbrannyie proizvedeniya [Selected works]. Ed. by G. L. Smirnov. Moscow: Politizdat (in Russian).
Byuleten VIII Vseukrainskoy konferentsii KP(b)U. Stenogramma [Bulletin of the 8th Ukrainian Conference of the Communist Party of the Bolsheviks of Ukraine. Transcript], 1924. Kharkov: Proletariy (in Russian).
Vedomost o natsionalnom sostave naseleniya Artemovskogo okruga, perepiska s pravleniem Vseukrainskogo Kooppromkredit soyuza o prisyilke instruktorov i opyitnyih rabotnikov [A statement on the ethnic composition of the population of Artyomovsk District, correspondence with the board of the Ukrainian Cooppromcredit Union about sending instructors and experienced workers]. File 2. Inventory 1. Fund R-1511. Donetsk: Derzhavnyj arkhiv Donets’koi oblasti [State archives of Donetska oblast] (in Russian).
Vytanovych, I., 1964. Istoriia ukrains’koho kooperatyvnoho rukhu: iz prats’ Istorychno- Filosofichnoi Sektsii NTSh [History of the Ukrainian cooperative movement: from the works of the Historical and Philosophical Section of the NTSh]. N. Y.: Tovarystvo ukrains’koi kooperatsii (in Ukrainian).
Gimpelson, E., 2000. NEP i sovetskaya politicheskaya sistema. 20-e godyi. [The NEP and the Soviet political system. The twenties.]. Moscow: Institut rossiyskoy istorii RAN (in Russian).
Godovoy otchet o rabote predpriyatiy mestnoy promyishlennosti okruga za 1928/29 gg. [Annual report on the work of the local industry enterprises of the district 1928/1929]. File 423. Inventory 2. Fund 709. Kyiv: Derzhavnyj arkhiv Kyivs’koi oblasti [State archives of Kyivska oblast] (in Russian).
Devis, R. U., 1990. Nep i sovremennost [NEP and modernity]. Kommunist [Communist], no. 8, pp. 75–84 (in Russian).
Devyatyiy s’ezd Kommunisticheskoy partii bolshevikov Ukrainyi. Stenograficheskiy otchet [The Ninth Congress of the Communist Party of the Bolsheviks of Ukraine. Verbatim report], 1926. Kharkov: Proletariy (in Russian).
Didenko, G. D., 1962. Rabochiy klass Ukrainyi v godyi vosstanovleniya narodnogo hozyaystva (1921–1925) [The working class of Ukraine during the years of the restoration of national economy (1921–1925)]. Kyiv: AN USSR (in Russian).
Zhurnal 1-ho Vseukrayins’koho z`yizdu promyslovoyi kooperatsiyi [Journal of the 1st Ukrainian Industrial Cooperation Congress]. File 259. Inventory 1. Fund 3040. Kyiv: Tsentral’nyj derzhavnyj arkhiv vyschykh orhaniv vlady ta upravlinnia Ukrainy [Central State Archives of Supreme Bodies of Power and Government of Ukraine] (in Russian).
Zadachi kooperatsii [The aims of cooperation], 1921. Byulleten 5-j Nikolaevskoj gubkonferencii KP(b)U [Bulletin of the 5 th Mykolaiv gubernatorial conference of the CP(b) U], no. 3, p. 3 (in Russian).
Nevskyi, V. I., 1924/ Za sem’ let [For seven years]. Leningrad: Gosizdat (in Russian).
Lukinov, I. I., ed. in chief, 1983. Stvorennia sotsialistychnoi ekonomiky (1917–1937 rr.). [The creation of the socialist economy (1917–1937 rr.)]. In: Istoriia narodnoho hospodarstva Ukrains’koi RSR [History of the national economy of the Ukrainian SSR]. In 3 vols, 4 books. Kyiv: Naukova dumka, vol. 2.
Kalinichenko, V. V., 1997. Selians’ke hospodarstvo Ukrainy v period nepu: istoryko-ekonomichne doslidzhennia [Peasant economy of Ukraine during the NEP: a historical and economic study]. Kharkiv: Osnova (in Ukrainian).
Keynes, D., 1991. Beglyiy vzglyad na Rossiyu – 1925 g. [A quick glance at Russia – 1925 у.]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya [Sociological research], no. 7, pp. 137–149 (in Russian).
Kolesnyk, V. F., Kotsur, V. P., and Kotsur, H. H., 2002. Istoriohrafiia novoi ekonomichnoi polityky v Ukrains’kij SRR [Historiography of the New Economic Policy
in the Ukrainian SSR]. Monograph. Kyiv: Khreschatyk (in Ukrainian).
Komunistychna partiia Radians’koho Soiuzu v rezoliutsiiakh i rishenniakh z’izdiv, konferentsij i plenumiv TsK [The Communist Party of the Soviet Union in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee], 1979. Kyiv: Politvydav Ukrainy, vol. 2 (in Ukrainian).
Komunistychna partiia Radians’koho Soiuzu v rezoliutsiiakh i rishenniakh z’izdiv, konferentsij i plenumiv TsK [The Communist Party of the Soviet Union in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee], 1979. Kyiv: Politvydav Ukrainy, vol. 3 (in Ukrainian).
Komunistychna partiia Ukrainy v rezoliutsiiakh i rishenniakh z’izdiv, konferentsij i plenumiv TsK [The Communist Party of Ukraine in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee], 1976. Kyiv: Politvydav Ukrainy, vol. 1 (in Ukrainian).
Kooperatsiya v SSSR za 10 let [Cooperation in the USSR for 10 years], 1928. Moscow: Komm. Akademiya (in Russian).
Koropeckij, I. S., 1995. Deshcho pro mynule, nedavnye mynule ta suchasne ukrayins’koyi ekonomiky [Something about the past, recent past and present of the Ukrainian economy]. Kyiv: Libid (in Ukrainian).
Kreditnye ucherezhdeniya i tovarooborot [Credit institutions and commodity turnover], 1925. Ukrainskij economist [Ukrainian economist], June 20, p. 4 (in Russian).
Krupskaya, N.K., 1929, sichnya 20. Il’ich o kolkhoznom stroitel’stve [Ilyich on collective farm construction]. Pravda [Truth], p. 4 (in Russian).
Kulchickij, S., 1996. Komunizm v Ukrayini: pershe desyaty`richchya (1919–1928 rr.) [Communism in Ukraine: the first decade (1919–1928)]. Kyiv: Osnovy (in Ukrainian).
Kulchickij, S., 2013. Chervonyy vyklyk. Istoriya komunizmu v Ukrayini vid yoho narodzhennya do zahybeli [The Red challenge. The history of communism in Ukraine from its birth to its death]. Kyiv: Tempora, vol. 1 (in Ukrainian).
Kulchickij, S. V., 1999. Ukrayina mizh dvoma vijnami (1921–1939 rr.) [Ukraine between the two wars (1921–1939 rr.)]. Kyiv: Alternatyvy (in Ukrainian).
Kulchickij, S.V., 1995. USRR v dobu novoyi ekonomichnoyi politiki (1921–1928 rr.): Sproba pobudovy kontseptual’nykh zasad real’noyi istoriyi [The Ukrainian SSR during the new economic policy period (1921–1928): An attempt to build the conceptual foundations of real history]. Kyiv: Naukova dumka (in Ukrainian).
Kuromiia, Hiroaki, 2002. Svoboda i teror u Donbasi (ukrains’ko-rosijs’ke prykordonnia, 1870–1990-i rr.) [Freedom and terror in Donbas (Ukrainian-Russian border, 1870–1990s)] Kyiv: Osnovy (in Ukrainian).
Lenin, V. I., 1974. Khto peremozhe – kapitalist chy radyans’ka vlada? [Who will win – the capitalist, or the Soviet government?]. In: Lenin, V. I., 1974. Povne zibrannya tvoriv [Complete collection of works], vol. 44, pp. 153–155 (in Ukrainian).
Lenin, V. I., 1974. Dopovid’ pro zaminu prodrozverstky natural’nym podatkom [Report on the replacement of the prodrazvyorstka with the natural tax]. In: Lenin, V. I., 1974. Povne zibrannya tvoriv [Complete collection of works], vol. 43, pp. 171–178 (in Ukrainian).
Lenin, V. I., 1974. Dopovid’ pro novu ekonomichnu polityku [The report on the New Economic Policy]. In: Lenin, V. I., 1974. Povne zibrannya tvoriv [Complete collection of works], vol. 44, pp. 185–204 (in Ukrainian).
Lenin, V. I., 1975. Politychnyy zvit TsK KP(b) [The political report of the Central Committee of the CP(b)]. In: Lenin, V. I., 1974. Povne zibrannya tvoriv [Complete collection of works], vol. 45, pp. 65–109 (in Ukrainian).
Lenin, V. I., 1975. Pro kooperatsiyu [On cooperation]. In: Lenin, V. I., 1974. Povne zibrannya tvoriv [Complete collection of works], vol. 45, pp. 351–358 (in Ukrainian).
Liholobova, Z.G., 1992. Chastnoe predprinimatel’stvo v promyshlennosti i torgovle v usloviyakh NEPa [Private entrepreneurship in industry and trade under the NEP]. Novi storinki istoriyi Donbasu [New pages in the history of Donbass]. Collection of scientific articles, vol. 2, pp. 3–22 (in Russian).
Lyah, S. R., 1990. Naymana pratsya v sil’s’komu hospodarstvi Ukrayiny v umovakh NEPu [Hired labor in Ukrainian agriculture under the NEP]. Kyiv: Vyshcha shkola (in Ukrainian).
Morgun, O., 1966. Narys istoriyi promyslovoyi kooperatsiyi Ukrayiny [Essay on the history of industrial cooperation in Ukraine]. Myunhen: UVU, Prava i suspilno-ekonomichnih nauk (in Ukrainian).
Nezakonnye mestnye nalogi i sbory [Illegal local taxes and fees], 1923. Finansovyj vestnik [Financial Gazette], no. 2, pp. 8–11 (in Russian).
Nikitenko, K. V., 2007. Nederzhavnij sektor promislovosti Ukrayini v umovah novoyi ekonomichnoyi politiki (1921–1928 rr.) [Industrial unpublic sector of Ukraine in the conditions of the new economic policy (1921–1928)]. Ph. D. (History) thesis. Donetsk: DonNU (in Ukrainian).
Nikitenko, K. V., 2013. Funktsionuvannya kredytno-bankivs’koyi systemy URSR (1921–1939) [The state of the credit and banking system of the USSR (1921–1939)]: Ph. D. (History) thesis. Nac. akad. nauk Ukrayini, In-t ukrayinoznav. im. I. Krip’yakevicha, In-t narodoznav, Lviv (in Ukrainian).
Nikolskij, V. N., and Izyumov, V. I., 1992. NEP v Donbasse. Istoricheskoe issledovanie [NEP in Donbas: a historical study]. Donetsk: Gorodskaya tipografiya (in Russian).
Nizova, L. V., 1993. Promyslova kooperatsiya na Ukrayini (z istoriyi maloho biznesu) [Industrial cooperation in Ukraine (on the history of small business)]. Kyiv: Institut istoriyi Ukrayini (in Ukrainian).
Novaya ekonomicheskaya polіtika v promyshlennosti. Sbornik dekretov, postanovleniy iinstruktsiy [The New Economic Policy in industry. A collection of decrees, regulations and instructions], 1921. Moscow: VSNH (in Russian).
Ojken, Valter, 1995. Osnovnye printsipy ekonomicheskoy politiki [The main principles of economic policy]. Moscow: Progress Univers. (in Russian).
Ocherednye zadachi partii (iz zaklyuchitel’noy rechi L. M. Kaganovicha na plenume TsK KP(b)U) [The next goals of the party (from the closing speech of L. M. Kaganovich at the plenum of the Central Committee of the CP(b)U)], 1926. Ukrainskij economist [Ukrainian economist], April 8, p. 2 (in Russian).
Polyakov, Y. A., Dmitrenko, V. P., and Sherb, N. V., 1982. Novaya ekonomicheskaya politika: razrabotka i osushchestvlenie [The New Economic Policy: design and implementation]. Moscow: Politizdat (in Russian).
Postanovleniya, tsirkulyaryi Ukr. soyuza s/h i kustarno-promyishlennoy kooperatsii, tsentralnogo s/h banka SSSR (kopii) i dr. o vyipolennii postanov VUTsIKA i SNK USSR
o hlebozagotovkah, o kursah instruktorov, o reorganizatsii s/h soyuza v kred. Soyuz, o podgotovke k vesenneposevnoy kampanii, o zaklyuchenii dogovorov s in. Rabochimi v uchrezhdeniyah SSSR. Anketyi i harakteristiki sotrudnikov i dr. [Resolutions and proclamations of the Ukrainian union of agricultural and handicraft-industrial cooperation, the central agricultural bank of the USSR (copies), etc. on the implementation of the decisions of the Ukrainian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People’s Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR on grain procurements, on the courses of instructors, on the reorganization of the Agricultural Union into the Credit Union, on the preparation for the spring sowing campaign, on the conclusion of agreements with foreight in the institutions of the USSR. Employee profiles and characteristics, etc.]. File 3. Inventory 1. Fund R-1516. Donetsk: Derzhavnyj arkhiv Donets’koi oblasti [State archives of Donetska oblast] (in Russian).
Promyslovaya kooperatsiya v SSSR v tsifrakh 1928/29 g. [Industrial cooperation in the USSR in figures 1928/29], 1929. Moscow: Politizdat (in Russian).
Protokoly zasedaniy Khar’kovskogo, Yekaterinoslavskogo, Kurskogo i dr. ekonomsoveshchaniy za fevral’-avgust 1922 g. [Minutes of meetings of Kharkov, Yekaterinoslav, Kursk and other economic conferences in February-August 1922]. File 22. Inventory 1. Fund R-3873. Poltava: Derzhavnyj arkhiv Poltavs’koi oblasti [State archives of Poltavska oblast] (in Russian).
Yakovlev, A. N., ed., 2002. Rossiya nepovskaya [The NEP Russia]. Moscow: Novyj hronograf (in Russian).
Sushko, O. O., 2003. Nepmany: sotsial’no-istorychnyy typ pryvatnykh pidpryyemtsiv v USRR (1921–1929) [The Nepmans: a socio-historical type of private entrepreneurs in the Ukrainian SSR (1921–1929)]. Kyiv: Nac. ped. un-t im. M. P. Dragomanova (in Ukrainian).
Fesenko, S., 1925. Ukrainskie banki i ikh blizhayshie perspektivy [Ukrainian banks and their immediate prospects]. Hozyajstvo Ukrainy [Economy of Ukraine], no. 7–8, pp. 95–109 (in Russian).
Chadyuk, M., 2021. Yak peretvoriti vikliki na mozhlyvist’ [How to turn calls into opportunities]. Den’ [Day], Marth 9, p. 19 (in Ukrainian).
Chayanov, A. V., 1989. Izbrannye proizvedeniya [Selected works]. Moscow: Moskovskij rabochij (in Russian).
Chentsov, V. V., 1999. Politychni represii v Radians’kij Ukraini v 20-ti rr. [Political repression in Soviet Ukraine in the 1920s]. Ternopil’: Zbruch (in Ukrainian).
Shlikhter, A. H., 1930. Problemy sotsialistychnoi rekonstruktsii sil’s’koho hospodarstva [Problems of Socialist reconstruction of agriculture]. Kharkiv: Derzhvydav Ukrainy (in Ukrainian).
Shutkevych, O., 2021. Istoriia uspikhu tr’okh. Yak kooperatsiia zusyl’, interesu ta resursiv stala shansom dlia rozvytku maloho biznesu na Vinnychchyni [The success story of the three. How cooperation of efforts, interest and resources turned into a chance for small business development in Vinnytsia region]. Den [Day], February 9, p. 10 (in Ukrainian).
Shutkevych, O., 2021. Na Vinnychchyni provely vseukrains’ku naukovu konferentsiiu, prysviachenu Bars’kij keramitsi [Ukrainian scientific conference dedicated to Bars’ka ceramics was held in Vinnytsia region]. Den’ [Day], September 15, p. 12 (in Ukrainian).
Bondarenko, V., 2012. Problemy rozvytku promyslovosti Ukrainy v mizhvoiennu dobu (1921–1941 rr.): radians’ka istoriohrafiia [Problems of industrial development in Ukraine in the interwar period (1921–1941): Soviet historiography]. Donets’k: DonNU (in Ukrainian).
But, O. M., 1990. Problemy upravlinnia promyslovistiu: istorychnyj dosvid i uroky: monohrafiia [Problems of industrial management: historical experience and lessons]. Kyiv: Lybid’ (in Ukrainian).
But, O. M., Bondarenko, V. S., and Nikitenko, K. V., 2008. Nederzhavnyj sektor promyslovosti Ukrainy v umovakh novoi ekonomichnoi polityky (1921–1928 rr.) [The non-state sector of industry of Ukraine under the conditions of the New Economic Policy (1921–1928)]. Monograph. Donets’k: Yuho-Vostok (in Ukrainian).
But, O. M., and Dobrov, P. V., 2002. “Ekonomichna kontrrevoliutsiia” v Ukraini v 20–30-ti roky XX stolittia: vid novykh dzherel do novoho osmyslennia [The Economic counterrevolution in Ukraine in the 20s-30s of the 20th century: from new sources to new understanding]. Donets’k: Ukr NTEK (in Ukrainian).
Buharin, N., 1988. Izbrannyie proizvedeniya [Selected works]. Ed. by G. L. Smirnov. Moscow: Politizdat (in Russian).
Byuleten VIII Vseukrainskoy konferentsii KP(b)U. Stenogramma [Bulletin of the 8th Ukrainian Conference of the Communist Party of the Bolsheviks of Ukraine. Transcript], 1924. Kharkov: Proletariy (in Russian).
Vedomost o natsionalnom sostave naseleniya Artemovskogo okruga, perepiska s pravleniem Vseukrainskogo Kooppromkredit soyuza o prisyilke instruktorov i opyitnyih rabotnikov [A statement on the ethnic composition of the population of Artyomovsk District, correspondence with the board of the Ukrainian Cooppromcredit Union about sending instructors and experienced workers]. File 2. Inventory 1. Fund R-1511. Donetsk: Derzhavnyj arkhiv Donets’koi oblasti [State archives of Donetska oblast] (in Russian).
Vytanovych, I., 1964. Istoriia ukrains’koho kooperatyvnoho rukhu: iz prats’ Istorychno- Filosofichnoi Sektsii NTSh [History of the Ukrainian cooperative movement: from the works of the Historical and Philosophical Section of the NTSh]. N. Y.: Tovarystvo ukrains’koi kooperatsii (in Ukrainian).
Gimpelson, E., 2000. NEP i sovetskaya politicheskaya sistema. 20-e godyi. [The NEP and the Soviet political system. The twenties.]. Moscow: Institut rossiyskoy istorii RAN (in Russian).
Godovoy otchet o rabote predpriyatiy mestnoy promyishlennosti okruga za 1928/29 gg. [Annual report on the work of the local industry enterprises of the district 1928/1929]. File 423. Inventory 2. Fund 709. Kyiv: Derzhavnyj arkhiv Kyivs’koi oblasti [State archives of Kyivska oblast] (in Russian).
Devis, R. U., 1990. Nep i sovremennost [NEP and modernity]. Kommunist [Communist], no. 8, pp. 75–84 (in Russian).
Devyatyiy s’ezd Kommunisticheskoy partii bolshevikov Ukrainyi. Stenograficheskiy otchet [The Ninth Congress of the Communist Party of the Bolsheviks of Ukraine. Verbatim report], 1926. Kharkov: Proletariy (in Russian).
Didenko, G. D., 1962. Rabochiy klass Ukrainyi v godyi vosstanovleniya narodnogo hozyaystva (1921–1925) [The working class of Ukraine during the years of the restoration of national economy (1921–1925)]. Kyiv: AN USSR (in Russian).
Zhurnal 1-ho Vseukrayins’koho z`yizdu promyslovoyi kooperatsiyi [Journal of the 1st Ukrainian Industrial Cooperation Congress]. File 259. Inventory 1. Fund 3040. Kyiv: Tsentral’nyj derzhavnyj arkhiv vyschykh orhaniv vlady ta upravlinnia Ukrainy [Central State Archives of Supreme Bodies of Power and Government of Ukraine] (in Russian).
Zadachi kooperatsii [The aims of cooperation], 1921. Byulleten 5-j Nikolaevskoj gubkonferencii KP(b)U [Bulletin of the 5 th Mykolaiv gubernatorial conference of the CP(b) U], no. 3, p. 3 (in Russian).
Nevskyi, V. I., 1924/ Za sem’ let [For seven years]. Leningrad: Gosizdat (in Russian).
Lukinov, I. I., ed. in chief, 1983. Stvorennia sotsialistychnoi ekonomiky (1917–1937 rr.). [The creation of the socialist economy (1917–1937 rr.)]. In: Istoriia narodnoho hospodarstva Ukrains’koi RSR [History of the national economy of the Ukrainian SSR]. In 3 vols, 4 books. Kyiv: Naukova dumka, vol. 2.
Kalinichenko, V. V., 1997. Selians’ke hospodarstvo Ukrainy v period nepu: istoryko-ekonomichne doslidzhennia [Peasant economy of Ukraine during the NEP: a historical and economic study]. Kharkiv: Osnova (in Ukrainian).
Keynes, D., 1991. Beglyiy vzglyad na Rossiyu – 1925 g. [A quick glance at Russia – 1925 у.]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya [Sociological research], no. 7, pp. 137–149 (in Russian).
Kolesnyk, V. F., Kotsur, V. P., and Kotsur, H. H., 2002. Istoriohrafiia novoi ekonomichnoi polityky v Ukrains’kij SRR [Historiography of the New Economic Policy
in the Ukrainian SSR]. Monograph. Kyiv: Khreschatyk (in Ukrainian).
Komunistychna partiia Radians’koho Soiuzu v rezoliutsiiakh i rishenniakh z’izdiv, konferentsij i plenumiv TsK [The Communist Party of the Soviet Union in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee], 1979. Kyiv: Politvydav Ukrainy, vol. 2 (in Ukrainian).
Komunistychna partiia Radians’koho Soiuzu v rezoliutsiiakh i rishenniakh z’izdiv, konferentsij i plenumiv TsK [The Communist Party of the Soviet Union in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee], 1979. Kyiv: Politvydav Ukrainy, vol. 3 (in Ukrainian).
Komunistychna partiia Ukrainy v rezoliutsiiakh i rishenniakh z’izdiv, konferentsij i plenumiv TsK [The Communist Party of Ukraine in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee], 1976. Kyiv: Politvydav Ukrainy, vol. 1 (in Ukrainian).
Kooperatsiya v SSSR za 10 let [Cooperation in the USSR for 10 years], 1928. Moscow: Komm. Akademiya (in Russian).
Koropeckij, I. S., 1995. Deshcho pro mynule, nedavnye mynule ta suchasne ukrayins’koyi ekonomiky [Something about the past, recent past and present of the Ukrainian economy]. Kyiv: Libid (in Ukrainian).
Kreditnye ucherezhdeniya i tovarooborot [Credit institutions and commodity turnover], 1925. Ukrainskij economist [Ukrainian economist], June 20, p. 4 (in Russian).
Krupskaya, N.K., 1929, sichnya 20. Il’ich o kolkhoznom stroitel’stve [Ilyich on collective farm construction]. Pravda [Truth], p. 4 (in Russian).
Kulchickij, S., 1996. Komunizm v Ukrayini: pershe desyaty`richchya (1919–1928 rr.) [Communism in Ukraine: the first decade (1919–1928)]. Kyiv: Osnovy (in Ukrainian).
Kulchickij, S., 2013. Chervonyy vyklyk. Istoriya komunizmu v Ukrayini vid yoho narodzhennya do zahybeli [The Red challenge. The history of communism in Ukraine from its birth to its death]. Kyiv: Tempora, vol. 1 (in Ukrainian).
Kulchickij, S. V., 1999. Ukrayina mizh dvoma vijnami (1921–1939 rr.) [Ukraine between the two wars (1921–1939 rr.)]. Kyiv: Alternatyvy (in Ukrainian).
Kulchickij, S.V., 1995. USRR v dobu novoyi ekonomichnoyi politiki (1921–1928 rr.): Sproba pobudovy kontseptual’nykh zasad real’noyi istoriyi [The Ukrainian SSR during the new economic policy period (1921–1928): An attempt to build the conceptual foundations of real history]. Kyiv: Naukova dumka (in Ukrainian).
Kuromiia, Hiroaki, 2002. Svoboda i teror u Donbasi (ukrains’ko-rosijs’ke prykordonnia, 1870–1990-i rr.) [Freedom and terror in Donbas (Ukrainian-Russian border, 1870–1990s)] Kyiv: Osnovy (in Ukrainian).
Lenin, V. I., 1974. Khto peremozhe – kapitalist chy radyans’ka vlada? [Who will win – the capitalist, or the Soviet government?]. In: Lenin, V. I., 1974. Povne zibrannya tvoriv [Complete collection of works], vol. 44, pp. 153–155 (in Ukrainian).
Lenin, V. I., 1974. Dopovid’ pro zaminu prodrozverstky natural’nym podatkom [Report on the replacement of the prodrazvyorstka with the natural tax]. In: Lenin, V. I., 1974. Povne zibrannya tvoriv [Complete collection of works], vol. 43, pp. 171–178 (in Ukrainian).
Lenin, V. I., 1974. Dopovid’ pro novu ekonomichnu polityku [The report on the New Economic Policy]. In: Lenin, V. I., 1974. Povne zibrannya tvoriv [Complete collection of works], vol. 44, pp. 185–204 (in Ukrainian).
Lenin, V. I., 1975. Politychnyy zvit TsK KP(b) [The political report of the Central Committee of the CP(b)]. In: Lenin, V. I., 1974. Povne zibrannya tvoriv [Complete collection of works], vol. 45, pp. 65–109 (in Ukrainian).
Lenin, V. I., 1975. Pro kooperatsiyu [On cooperation]. In: Lenin, V. I., 1974. Povne zibrannya tvoriv [Complete collection of works], vol. 45, pp. 351–358 (in Ukrainian).
Liholobova, Z.G., 1992. Chastnoe predprinimatel’stvo v promyshlennosti i torgovle v usloviyakh NEPa [Private entrepreneurship in industry and trade under the NEP]. Novi storinki istoriyi Donbasu [New pages in the history of Donbass]. Collection of scientific articles, vol. 2, pp. 3–22 (in Russian).
Lyah, S. R., 1990. Naymana pratsya v sil’s’komu hospodarstvi Ukrayiny v umovakh NEPu [Hired labor in Ukrainian agriculture under the NEP]. Kyiv: Vyshcha shkola (in Ukrainian).
Morgun, O., 1966. Narys istoriyi promyslovoyi kooperatsiyi Ukrayiny [Essay on the history of industrial cooperation in Ukraine]. Myunhen: UVU, Prava i suspilno-ekonomichnih nauk (in Ukrainian).
Nezakonnye mestnye nalogi i sbory [Illegal local taxes and fees], 1923. Finansovyj vestnik [Financial Gazette], no. 2, pp. 8–11 (in Russian).
Nikitenko, K. V., 2007. Nederzhavnij sektor promislovosti Ukrayini v umovah novoyi ekonomichnoyi politiki (1921–1928 rr.) [Industrial unpublic sector of Ukraine in the conditions of the new economic policy (1921–1928)]. Ph. D. (History) thesis. Donetsk: DonNU (in Ukrainian).
Nikitenko, K. V., 2013. Funktsionuvannya kredytno-bankivs’koyi systemy URSR (1921–1939) [The state of the credit and banking system of the USSR (1921–1939)]: Ph. D. (History) thesis. Nac. akad. nauk Ukrayini, In-t ukrayinoznav. im. I. Krip’yakevicha, In-t narodoznav, Lviv (in Ukrainian).
Nikolskij, V. N., and Izyumov, V. I., 1992. NEP v Donbasse. Istoricheskoe issledovanie [NEP in Donbas: a historical study]. Donetsk: Gorodskaya tipografiya (in Russian).
Nizova, L. V., 1993. Promyslova kooperatsiya na Ukrayini (z istoriyi maloho biznesu) [Industrial cooperation in Ukraine (on the history of small business)]. Kyiv: Institut istoriyi Ukrayini (in Ukrainian).
Novaya ekonomicheskaya polіtika v promyshlennosti. Sbornik dekretov, postanovleniy iinstruktsiy [The New Economic Policy in industry. A collection of decrees, regulations and instructions], 1921. Moscow: VSNH (in Russian).
Ojken, Valter, 1995. Osnovnye printsipy ekonomicheskoy politiki [The main principles of economic policy]. Moscow: Progress Univers. (in Russian).
Ocherednye zadachi partii (iz zaklyuchitel’noy rechi L. M. Kaganovicha na plenume TsK KP(b)U) [The next goals of the party (from the closing speech of L. M. Kaganovich at the plenum of the Central Committee of the CP(b)U)], 1926. Ukrainskij economist [Ukrainian economist], April 8, p. 2 (in Russian).
Polyakov, Y. A., Dmitrenko, V. P., and Sherb, N. V., 1982. Novaya ekonomicheskaya politika: razrabotka i osushchestvlenie [The New Economic Policy: design and implementation]. Moscow: Politizdat (in Russian).
Postanovleniya, tsirkulyaryi Ukr. soyuza s/h i kustarno-promyishlennoy kooperatsii, tsentralnogo s/h banka SSSR (kopii) i dr. o vyipolennii postanov VUTsIKA i SNK USSR
o hlebozagotovkah, o kursah instruktorov, o reorganizatsii s/h soyuza v kred. Soyuz, o podgotovke k vesenneposevnoy kampanii, o zaklyuchenii dogovorov s in. Rabochimi v uchrezhdeniyah SSSR. Anketyi i harakteristiki sotrudnikov i dr. [Resolutions and proclamations of the Ukrainian union of agricultural and handicraft-industrial cooperation, the central agricultural bank of the USSR (copies), etc. on the implementation of the decisions of the Ukrainian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People’s Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR on grain procurements, on the courses of instructors, on the reorganization of the Agricultural Union into the Credit Union, on the preparation for the spring sowing campaign, on the conclusion of agreements with foreight in the institutions of the USSR. Employee profiles and characteristics, etc.]. File 3. Inventory 1. Fund R-1516. Donetsk: Derzhavnyj arkhiv Donets’koi oblasti [State archives of Donetska oblast] (in Russian).
Promyslovaya kooperatsiya v SSSR v tsifrakh 1928/29 g. [Industrial cooperation in the USSR in figures 1928/29], 1929. Moscow: Politizdat (in Russian).
Protokoly zasedaniy Khar’kovskogo, Yekaterinoslavskogo, Kurskogo i dr. ekonomsoveshchaniy za fevral’-avgust 1922 g. [Minutes of meetings of Kharkov, Yekaterinoslav, Kursk and other economic conferences in February-August 1922]. File 22. Inventory 1. Fund R-3873. Poltava: Derzhavnyj arkhiv Poltavs’koi oblasti [State archives of Poltavska oblast] (in Russian).
Yakovlev, A. N., ed., 2002. Rossiya nepovskaya [The NEP Russia]. Moscow: Novyj hronograf (in Russian).
Sushko, O. O., 2003. Nepmany: sotsial’no-istorychnyy typ pryvatnykh pidpryyemtsiv v USRR (1921–1929) [The Nepmans: a socio-historical type of private entrepreneurs in the Ukrainian SSR (1921–1929)]. Kyiv: Nac. ped. un-t im. M. P. Dragomanova (in Ukrainian).
Fesenko, S., 1925. Ukrainskie banki i ikh blizhayshie perspektivy [Ukrainian banks and their immediate prospects]. Hozyajstvo Ukrainy [Economy of Ukraine], no. 7–8, pp. 95–109 (in Russian).
Chadyuk, M., 2021. Yak peretvoriti vikliki na mozhlyvist’ [How to turn calls into opportunities]. Den’ [Day], Marth 9, p. 19 (in Ukrainian).
Chayanov, A. V., 1989. Izbrannye proizvedeniya [Selected works]. Moscow: Moskovskij rabochij (in Russian).
Chentsov, V. V., 1999. Politychni represii v Radians’kij Ukraini v 20-ti rr. [Political repression in Soviet Ukraine in the 1920s]. Ternopil’: Zbruch (in Ukrainian).
Shlikhter, A. H., 1930. Problemy sotsialistychnoi rekonstruktsii sil’s’koho hospodarstva [Problems of Socialist reconstruction of agriculture]. Kharkiv: Derzhvydav Ukrainy (in Ukrainian).
Shutkevych, O., 2021. Istoriia uspikhu tr’okh. Yak kooperatsiia zusyl’, interesu ta resursiv stala shansom dlia rozvytku maloho biznesu na Vinnychchyni [The success story of the three. How cooperation of efforts, interest and resources turned into a chance for small business development in Vinnytsia region]. Den [Day], February 9, p. 10 (in Ukrainian).
Shutkevych, O., 2021. Na Vinnychchyni provely vseukrains’ku naukovu konferentsiiu, prysviachenu Bars’kij keramitsi [Ukrainian scientific conference dedicated to Bars’ka ceramics was held in Vinnytsia region]. Den’ [Day], September 15, p. 12 (in Ukrainian).
Published
2022-07-18
How to Cite
NIKITENKO, Kostiantyn; BUT, Oleksandr.
Innovative Experience of the NEP: lessons for the present.
Universum Historiae et Archeologiae = The Universe of History and Archeology = Універсум історії та археології ISSN 2664-9950 (Print) ISSN 2707-6385 (Online), [S.l.], v. 4, n. 2, p. 70–84, july 2022.
ISSN 2707-6385.
Available at: <http://uha.dp.ua/index.php/UHA/article/view/164>. Date accessed: 04 june 2023.
doi: https://doi.org/10.15421/26210421.
Issue
Section
History of Ukraine
License
Authors who are published in the journal «Universum Historiae et Archeologiae» agree to the following terms:
– copyright on the article is retained by the author(s); the authors grant the right of the first publication to the journal «Universum Historiae et Archeologiae». After submitting his text to the editorial board, the author of the article should not violate the copyrights of other individuals and organizations;
– the author of the published article has the right to distribute it in the form in which it is published in the journal «Universum Historiae et Archeologiae» (for example, to post the article in repositories, personal scientific profiles, websites or publish as a part of a monograph), provided that the bibliographic links to the first publication of the work in the journal «Universum Historiae et Archeologiae» are present (or links to an electronic copy, which is stored on the official website of the journal).
